Race and ethnicity in the United States Census, as defined by the United States Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census. It also gathers other national demographic and economic data. As part of the United States Department of Commerce, the Census Bureau serves as a leading source of data about America's people and economy and the Federal Office of Management and Budget The Office of Management and Budget is a Cabinet-level office, and is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP) (OMB), are self-identification Self-concept is a multi-dimensional construct that refers to an individual's perception of "self" in relation to any number of characteristics, such as academics , gender roles and sexuality, racial identity, and many others. While closely related with self-concept clarity (which "refers to the extent to which self-knowledge is data items in which residents choose the race The United States is a racially diverse country. Modern issues of race, as well as its impact in the political and economic development of the nation have been examined by multiple historians and researchers. There are issues and controversies with the self-identification and classification of race within the country, and several trends have or races with which they most closely identify, and indicate whether or not they are of Hispanic or Latino origin (ethnicity).[1][2]

The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country."[3] The OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the US Census as not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry" using "appropriate scientific methodologies" but not "primarily biological or genetic in reference."[4]

Race and ethnicity An ethnic group is a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage that is real or assumed- sharing cultural characteristics This shared heritage may be based upon putative common ancestry, history, kinship, religion, language, shared territory, nationality or physical appearance. Members of an ethnic group are are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans with origins in the Hispanic countries of Latin America or in Spain. The group encompasses distinct sub-groups by national origin and race, with ancestries from all continents represented. Some members of the community prefer Hispanic and others Latino, the latter being more common in the western United origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnicities, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino". In 1997, OMB issued a Federal Register The Federal Register , abbreviated FR, or sometimes Fed. Reg.) is the official journal of the Federal Government of the United States that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except holidays) publication Notice which provided revised racial and ethnic definitions.[5] OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the Federal Government. The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws." Among the changes, OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races", after noting evidence of increasing numbers of interracial children and the desire to capture this increased diversity in a measurable way. Prior to this decision, the Census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race.[6]

"The categories are designed for collecting data on the race and ethnicity of broad population groups in this country. They are based on social and political considerations -- not anthropological or scientific ones. Furthermore, the race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.”[7]

Contents

How Data on Race and Ethnicity are Used

The OMB states that “many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data are also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require these data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data are needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions."

"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act).”[7]

Brief Overview of Race and Ethnicity in the U.S. Census' History

Further information: Race in the United States The United States is a racially diverse country. Modern issues of race, as well as its impact in the political and economic development of the nation have been examined by multiple historians and researchers. There are issues and controversies with the self-identification and classification of race within the country, and several trends have

Census 1790

In 1790, the first official year of the U.S. Census, the following questions were asked, each of which had racial implications: The number of free White males aged:

Census 1820

The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about the slaves that were owned. Also the term “colored” enters the census rhetoric. In addition, a question stating “Number of foreigners not naturalized” was included.[8]

Census 1830

For the 1830 census, a new question which stated “The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized” was included, as well as combining the number and age question of both slaves and free colored individuals.[8]

Census 1850

“The 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by family. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves.” “The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that to be left blank if a person was White, marked "B" if a person was Black, and marked "M" if a person was Mulatto.” Slaves were listed by owner, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave was Black and an "M" if they were Mulatto.[8]

Census 1870

For the 1870 census, the color question was expanded to include “C” for Chinese which was a category that included all east Asians, as well as “I” for American Indians.[8]

Census 1890

“For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished between different East Asian races.” This census also marked the beginning of the term “race” in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White," "Black," "Mulatto," "Quadroon," "Octoroon," "Chinese," "Japanese," or "Indian."[8]

Census 1900

For 1900, the “Color or Race” question was slightly modified, removing the term “Mulatto”. Also, there was an inclusion of an “Indian Population Schedule” in which “enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations.” This expanded version included the question “Fraction of person's lineage that is white.”[8]

Census 1910

The 1910 census was similar to that of 1900, but it included a re-insertion of “Mulatto” and a question about the respondent's "mother tongue.” “Ot” was also added to signify other races where the race could be written in. This year’s version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual’s proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage.[8]

Census 1920

The 1920 census questionnaire was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. “Hin”, “Kor”, and “Fil” were also added to the “Color or Race” question, signifying Hindu, Korean, and Filipino, respectively.[8]

Census 1930

The biggest change in this year’s census was in racial classification. Enumerators were now instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. “Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both White and Black lineage was to be recorded as Black, no matter fraction of that lineage. A person of mixed Black and American Indian lineage was also to be recorded as Black, unless he was considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community.” A person with both White and American Indian lineage was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian lineage was very small and he was accepted as white within the community. In fact, in all situations in which a person had White and some other racial lineage, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial lineages were to be reported as the race of their father. For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as a race. Enumerators were to record all persons who had been born in Mexico or whose parents had been born in Mexico and who did not fall into another racial category as "Mexican."” “Neg” now signified Negro, or black. The Supplemental American Indian questionnaire was back, but in abbreviated form, and featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian lineage.[8]

Census 1940 (Population)

The 1940 census was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaire, but had no significant changes in the racial question.[8]

Census 1950 (Population)

The 1950 Census questionnaire removed the word “color” from the racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices.[8]

Census 1960 (Population)

The 1960 Census re-added the word “color” to the racial question, and changed “Indian” to “American Indian”, as well as added Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The Other (print out race) option was removed.[8]

Census 1970 (Population)

This year’s census included “Negro or Black”, re-added Korean and the Other race option. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows:

a. Where was this person born?

b. Is this person's origin or descent...

14. What country was the person's father born in?

15. What country was the person's mother born in?

16.

a. For persons born in a foreign country- Is the person naturalized?

b. When did the person come to the United States to stay?

17. What language, other than English, was spoken in the person's home as a child?

Census 1980 (Population)

This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East) Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again, the term “color” was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents:

11.In what state or foreign country was the person born?

12.If this person was born in a foreign country...

a.Is this person a naturalized citizen of the United States?

b.When did this person come the United States to stay?

13.

a.Does this person speak a language other than English at home?

b.If yes, what is this language?

c.If yes, how well does this person speak English?

14.What is this person's ancestry?[8]

Census 1990 (Population)

The racial categories in this year are as they appear in the 2000 and 2010 Census. However, the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for this 1990 Census:

8. In what U.S. State or foreign country was this person born?

9. Is this person a citizen of the United States?

10. If this person was not born in the United States, when did this person come to the United States to stay?[8]

The 1990 Census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the Other race option and provided a multiple write in, the response was assigned according to the race written first. “For example, a write in of "Black-White" was assigned a code of Black, a write in of "White-Black" was assigned a code of White.”[6]

Census 2000 (Population)

Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 persons enumerated during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate their racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified themselves as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census The Twenty-first United States Census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 248,709,873, an increase of 9.8 percent over the 226,545,805 persons enumerated during the 1980 Census or earlier censuses. Caution must be used, therefore, when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time.

Snapshot: Race in the US Census The United States Census is a decennial census mandated by the United States Constitution. The population is enumerated every 10 years and the results are used to allocate Congressional seats , electoral votes, and government program funding. Some states or local jurisdictions also conduct local censuses
The 23rd federal census, 2010 [9] asks one ethnic and one race question (questions 1-4 not reproduced here, questions 5 and 6 paraphrased):

5. Is the person Spanish/Hispanic/Latino?

6. What is the person's race?

This census acknowledged that "race categories include both racial and national-origin groups."

The following definitions apply to the 2000 census only.[10]

The Federal government of the United States The federal government of the United States is the central government entity established by the United States Constitution, which shares sovereignty over the United States of America with the governments of the individual U.S. states. For official purposes in U.S. courts, the government is sued as the United States of America, and is referred to has mandated that "in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino.""[11] The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race."[11] For discussion of the meaning and scope of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, see the Hispanic and Latino Americans Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans with origins in the Hispanic countries of Latin America or in Spain. The group encompasses distinct sub-groups by national origin and race, with ancestries from all continents represented. Some members of the community prefer Hispanic and others Latino, the latter being more common in the western United and Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States The United States is a diverse country racially and ethnically. White Americans are the racial majority and are spread throughout the country; racial and ethnic minorities, composing one fourth of the population, are concentrated in coastal and metropolitan areas. The Black American or African American population is concentrated in the South, and articles.

Use of the word ethnicity for Hispanicity only is considerably more restricted than its conventional meaning, which covers other distinctions, some of which are covered by the "race" and "ancestry" The ancestry of the people of the United States is widely varied and includes descendants of populations from around the world, some presumably extinct elsewhere. In addition to its variation, the ancestry of people of the United States is also marked by varying amounts of intermarriage between ethnic and racial groups questions. The distinct questions accommodate the possibility of Hispanic and Latino Americans' also declaring various racial identities (see also White Hispanic and Latino Americans White Hispanic or White Latino Americans are White Americans of European origin, Asian Latinos An Asian Latin American is a Latin American of East Asian or South Asian descent, and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans In the United States, a Black Hispanic or Afro American Hispanic is an American citizen or resident who is officially classified by the United States Census Bureau, Office of Management and Budget and other U.S. government agencies as a Black American of Hispanic descent. African American/Black American, itself an official U.S. racial category).

In the 2000 Census The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 persons enumerated during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census and the largest single civil, 12.5% of the US population reported "Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity and 87.5% reported "Not-Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity.[11]

Relation between ethnicity and race in census results

The Census Bureau warns that data on race in 2000 Census The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 persons enumerated during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census and the largest single civil are not directly comparable to those collected in previous censuses.[10] It has also been noted that many US residents see race and ethnicity as the same concept.[4]

Race Hispanic or Latino % of H/L % of US Not Hispanic or Latino % of Not H/L % of US
Any races 35,305,818 100 12.5 246,116,088 100 87.5
One race: 33,081,736 93.7 11.8 241,513,942 98.1 85.8
White 16,907,852 47.9 6.0 194,552,774 79.1 69.1
Black or African A. 710,353 2.0 0.3 33,947,837 13.8 12.1
A. Indian/ Alaska Nat. 407,073 1.2 0.1 2,068,883 0.8 0.7
Asian 119,829 0.3 <0.1 10,123,169 4.1 3.6
Hawaiian N. & Pacific Is. 45,326 0.1 <0.1 353,509 0.1 0.1
Some other 14,891,303 42.2 5.3 467,770 0.2 0.2
2+ races: 2,224,082 6.3 0.8 4,602,146 1.9 1.6
Some other + W/B/N/A 1,859,538 5.3 0.7 1,302,875 0.5 0.5
2+ W/B/N/A 364,544 1.0 0.1 3,299,271 1.3 1.2

In the 2000 Census The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 persons enumerated during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census and the largest single civil, respondents were tallied in each of the race groups they reported. Consequently, the total of each racial category exceeds the total population because some people reported more than one race.[6]

The Census Bureau implemented a Census Quality Survey, gathering data from approximately 50,000 households in order to assess the reporting of race and Hispanic origin in the 2000 Census The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 persons enumerated during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census and the largest single civil with the purpose creating a way to make comparisons between the 2000 Census The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 persons enumerated during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census and the largest single civil with previous Census racial data.[6]

2010 Census

The 2010 US Census The Twenty-third United States Census will be the next national census in the United States. The census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790, as required by the United States Constitution, with the previous one completed in 2000 includes changes designed to more clearly distinguish Hispanic ethnicity as not being a race. That includes adding the sentence: "For this census, Hispanic origins are not races."[12][13] Additionally, the Hispanic terms are modified from "Hispanic or Latino" to "Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin".[12][13]

Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race,[11] and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 persons enumerated during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census and the largest single civil.[14] As the 2010 census form does not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in recent censuses, there are campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans and Arab Americans American English, Arabic, Syriac, Kurdish, French and others to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the "Some other race" category.[15][16][17]

The American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommended that OMB combine the "race" and "ethnicity" categories into one question to appear as "race/ethnicity" for the 2010 US Census The Twenty-third United States Census will be the next national census in the United States. The census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790, as required by the United States Constitution, with the previous one completed in 2000. The Interagency Committee agrees, stating that “"race" and "ethnicity” were not sufficiently defined and “that many respondents conceptualize "race" and "ethnicity" as one in the same underscor[ing] the need to consolidate these terms into one category, using a term that is more meaningful to the American people.”[4]

The AAA also stated that “"race" has been scientifically proven to not be a real, natural phenomenon. More specific, social categories such as "ethnicity" or "ethnic group" are more salient for scientific purposes and have fewer of the negative, racist connotations for which the concept of race was developed.” It was for this reason that the AAA pushed for a reduction of the term “race” in government data collection. Since 1900, 26 different racial terms have been used to identify populations in the US Census.”[4]

The Interagency Committee has suggested that the concept of marking multiple boxes be extended to the Hispanic origin question, thereby freeing individuals from having to choose between their parents' ethnic heritages. In other words, a respondent could chose both “Hispanic or Latino” and “Not Hispanic or Latino.”[18]

Other agencies

In 2001, the National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. It consists of 27 separate institutes and centers which includes the Office of the Director. Francis S. Collins is the current adopted the new language to comply with the revisions to Directive 15,[19] as did the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the United States Department of Labor in 2007.[20] See Race and ethnicity (EEO).

See also

References

  1. ^ "American FactFinder Help: Race". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_r.html. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  2. ^ "American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_h.html. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  3. ^ "Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race". United States Census Bureau. 2001-03-14. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/raceqandas.html. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
  4. ^ a b c d "A Brief History of the OMB Directive 15". American Anthropological Association. 1997. http://www.aaanet.org/gvt/ombdraft.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  5. ^ "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". Office of Management and Budget. 1997-10-30. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  6. ^ a b c d "Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/raceqandas.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  7. ^ a b "American FactFinder Help: Ethnicity". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_e.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Through the Decades". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/index_of_questions/1790_1.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  9. ^ "2010 US Census Form" (pdf). U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. http://www.census.gov/schools/pdf/2010form_info.pdf.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i "2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File: Race". U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68178.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  11. ^ a b c d Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Cassidy, Rachel C. (2001-03). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: Census 2000 Brief" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf.
  12. ^ a b Waite, Preston. US Census Bureau. "2010 Decennial Census Program." 2006. accessed July 7, 2008.
  13. ^ a b "2010 US Census form" (PDF). http://www.census.gov/schools/pdf/2010form_info.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  14. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (2003-01-16). "Census Bureau to Test Changes in Questionnaire, New Response Technology". Press release. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/2010_census/000543.html.
  15. ^ Kay, Jennifer (2010-02-24). "Caribbeans urged to write in ancestry on US Census". http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_CENSUS_CARIBBEAN_IDENTITY?SITE=NYMID&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT.
  16. ^ "The Arab American Institute | Get Involved!". http://www.aaiusa.org/get-involved/4470. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  17. ^ Ashmawey, Roqaya (2010-03-01). "Arab-Americans Aim to Increase Their Census Count". http://www.newsweek.com/id/234325.
  18. ^ "OMB Standards". White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards/. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  19. ^ "Amendment: NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research". National Institutes of Health. 2001-10-09. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-001.html.
  20. ^ Final Revisions of the Employer Information Report (EEO-1) by the EEOC. The page contains links to FAQs, forms and instructions
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Major examples: White Americans (Arab Americans, English Americans, German Americans, Irish Americans, Italian Americans, etc) · Black Americans (African Americans, African immigrants and descendants, Afro-Caribbeans/West Indians, etc.) · Asian Americans (Chinese Americans, Filipino Americans, Indian Americans, Japanese Americans, Pakistani Americans, etc.) · Hispanic and Latino Americans (Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans in the United States, Cuban Americans, Colombian Americans, etc.) · Jewish Americans · Multiracial Americans · Native Americans and Alaska Natives · Pacific Islander Americans (Chamorro Americans, Native Hawaiians, Samoan Americans, etc)

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